Combat Exclusion Regulations an Example by

Combat Exclusion Regulations Case Summary Current US military regulations allow for women to serve in the National Guard service though barring them to engage in direct ground combat. The reasons given for this exclusion include the inability of women to reach the same levels of physical power and endurance as men; there is a likelihood that when men and women come in close contact they will from relationships which may diminish unit cohesion; female combatants who are injured during war can easily divulge critical information to enemies and lastly women place greater risk on other male combatants to lose their heads in battle ground if they are injured. Jennifer Gilgarick seeks to challenge the CER on grounds that it challenges her rights under the equal protections clause of the fourteenth amendment. Need essay sample on "Combat Exclusion Regulations" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Analysis In an age where women ere fighting for their rights and equality, there is increased need for creation of laws that ensure equal treatment of members of different genders. There is an increased need for males and females to be given equal treatment to ensure the development of a society that is free of all forms of discrimination irrespective of the basis. Though Jennifer's case may appear well placed a relevant to development of a more equal defense force basing the argument on the fourteenth amendment is misguided. The 14th amendment equal protections clause prohibits the state from denying persons equal protection by the state. Simply put each and every member of the state must be treated equally by the law under similar circumstance and conditions. It is worth noting that the equal rights clause does not ensure equality that Jennifer is trying to push for rather it ensure that the law are equally applied to all members of the society. Jennifer is a member of the National Guards service and is therefore bound by the rules of the National Guards service. By ensuring that Jennifer does not serve as grounds personnel the law would have been applied equally among all members of the national guards. If she were male and such a legislation passed on her then there would be room for seeking redress under the fourteen amendment equal rights protection clause. In fact under the fourteenth amendment equal rights protections clause, the results of the law are nor relevant as long as it is applied in a manner that is uniform. The inclusion of Jennifer in the National Guards service ground personnel would be a violation of the fourteen amendment equal rights protection clause due to the inequality it will have developed in application of the law. The main objective of the fourteenth amendment equal protections clause is to ensure that the state does not discriminate and therefore aid protections of civil rights. The CER clearly has its undoing and is a typical example of a law that has been developed with the goal of treating women unfairly. It not only discriminates against women for their physique and lack of endurance but goes further to discriminate against their sexuality. When women fall prey to the sexual urges of men and therefore affect the cohesion of a group, the groups should be analyzed to determine if there was cohesion in the first place. In an age where homosexuality is rife and same sex relationships are widespread, the assumption that the development of a bond that may lead to people loosing their heads in battlefields is only possible between men and females is misplaced. Cases of sexual molestation especially sodomy are rife and the threat of sexual molestation on females and males is equal in enemy camps. It is therefore not true that males and females should all be given equal opportunities in serving as ground personnel in battlefields? The reality in ground battles is however different and requires the emotional and physical strength that cannot be easily attained by female combatants. The Muller v. Oregon case in 1908 in which the state upheld Oregon state restriction for women justified by the obligations placed on the state to ensure that interest groups are protected (Oyez 1908). Women are biologically weak than males and have a stronger propensity to emotional outburst. In placing laws that restrict their involvement in activities that are potentially emotionally charged, the state is not only protecting the lives of the male members but is also ensuring that the lives of female personnel are protected. Determining if restricting female reduces the chance they have for developing their career has a bearing on the direction of the case. The implication of the CER is that no female will ever gain merit for her accomplishment in the face of danger or her fte on the battle ground. Security and defense are so much battle oriented that failing to include females in battles limits the areas of accomplishment. If the assessment criteria is such that battle ground involvement does not give the male members an undue advantage then the CER is not unfair. In a 1944 ruling in Korematsu v. United States the court ruled that the executive order 9066 which required Japanese-Americans to be excluded from the west coast military must be upheld for the need to protect espionage outweighed individual rights (Oyez 1944). This may be the case in application of the CER but the reliability of the basis of CER is questionable which brings about questions on the viability of their assertion. Emotional and sexual relationship places other members of the force at risk; it is however clear that unlike the 1940s the modern society is full of men whose sexual preferences are different. Why then are gay men not excluded from ground duties yet they place other officers under the same threats? There are disparities in the reasoning that seek to support the CER though it is apparent there are areas where the law misses the critical objectivity or reality in combat. In a case of University of California v. Bakke a court ruled that race is among the numerous factors used by discriminatory boards (Oyez 1978). The quota system was condemned as being unfair though the use of race as a factor in admission in colleges was upheld for race as factor helps communities that are disadvantaged to gain information. This clearly shows that a system can be biased ion some aspects yet serve to meet the needs of the community. The use of the fourteenth amendment equal protection clause may not be the best approach in this case. The national guard has not in any way applied the CER in a manner that is non-uniform, though the legislation and applicability of the CER is questionable the areas in which it serves to ensure the rights of women as members of the society who are less physically empowered and therefore protecting the lives of both women and men in the national guard is of importance. There is no sufficient evidence that the system goes against her rights as a US citizen. The National Guard can argue that it is protecting the interest of its members and therefore the state by ensuring that members who are more likely to divulge information are not put in positions where they are at risk of placing the security personnel and the state at risk. Gender considerations actually show that females are physically challenged if compared to their male counterparts. Though the risk that women are placed on due to their sexual orientation is not exclusive to females for gay members are faces with the same challenges, the fact that one condition or reason for the application of the CER has been met and the magnitude of its implication makes it unsafe for both female and male national guards for the female members to be involved in ground battles. Moreover, there has been no unequal application of CER and therefore the validity of Jennifer's petition under the 14th amendment equal protection clause is questionable. In summary, the national guards as per the petition placed by Jennifer regarding the application of the CER have been applying CER in a manner that is uniform to all defense officials. There is no reason to believe that the CER places the female members in a position where they cannot effectively compete their male counterparts. Though there are some aspects of CER that lack a good basis, there are some that have a strong basis. The fact however remains that the application of CER has been uniform and unless Jennifer can prove otherwise under the 14th amendment protection clause the equality of the CER withstanding, there is no reason to warrant the inclusion of female members into the national guards grounds personnel with respect to Jeniffer's case. Work Cited Oyez. Korematsu v. United States. 1944. Retrieved 3 March 2009 Oyez. Muller v. Oregon. 1908. Retrieved 3 March 2009 Oyez. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. 1978. Retrieved 3 March 2009

Free Essays on Yeats

A path from romanticism to modernism. The stylistic evolution of Yeats’ travels through several stages across his career. Initially as a young poet, Yeats wrote much literary ornate verse. From his first publication in 1885 he’d been much influenced by the pre-Raphaelites. A group of artists and poets, the pre-Raphaelites shared a conviction that art had become corrupt during the Renaissance, beginning with Raphael, and was in decline there after. With their sentimental and dreamy idilic view of the world, they were an important influence on Yeats' first poetic efforts. Yeats’ also held an enduring admiration for Blake, which aided his style with a rugged simplicity . A typical poem of this period is the freely romantic â€Å"Lake Isle of Innisfree.† And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There's midnight all a-glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet' s wings. This thick, sugary, praise is highly typical of Yeats’ early poetry and his inherited spirit of the general romantic style. At this time, 1890, Yeats’ himself was still in his twenties, his imagination still held the possibilities of delicate beauty and spontaneous song. Yeats' poetics became fixed heavily in lyric tradition during this early part of his career and late era of romanticism. Inspite of war experience and the darkening of his songs, their musicality would be retained. Yeats’ work began its evolution from the pond of romantics by becoming harder and more realistic. Personal and professional movements in his life were much the cause. Maud Gonne, an Irish actress, who was a long time love interest of Yeats, married a Major John MacBride leaving Yeats deeply wounded . The romantic pond from which much of his early poetry spawned became dry. Youthful praise stripped away, he turned to heartless speculation of severe... Free Essays on Yeats Free Essays on Yeats A path from romanticism to modernism. The stylistic evolution of Yeats’ travels through several stages across his career. Initially as a young poet, Yeats wrote much literary ornate verse. From his first publication in 1885 he’d been much influenced by the pre-Raphaelites. A group of artists and poets, the pre-Raphaelites shared a conviction that art had become corrupt during the Renaissance, beginning with Raphael, and was in decline there after. With their sentimental and dreamy idilic view of the world, they were an important influence on Yeats' first poetic efforts. Yeats’ also held an enduring admiration for Blake, which aided his style with a rugged simplicity . A typical poem of this period is the freely romantic â€Å"Lake Isle of Innisfree.† And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There's midnight all a-glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet' s wings. This thick, sugary, praise is highly typical of Yeats’ early poetry and his inherited spirit of the general romantic style. At this time, 1890, Yeats’ himself was still in his twenties, his imagination still held the possibilities of delicate beauty and spontaneous song. Yeats' poetics became fixed heavily in lyric tradition during this early part of his career and late era of romanticism. Inspite of war experience and the darkening of his songs, their musicality would be retained. Yeats’ work began its evolution from the pond of romantics by becoming harder and more realistic. Personal and professional movements in his life were much the cause. Maud Gonne, an Irish actress, who was a long time love interest of Yeats, married a Major John MacBride leaving Yeats deeply wounded . The romantic pond from which much of his early poetry spawned became dry. Youthful praise stripped away, he turned to heartless speculation of severe...

It is often said that a country's corporate legal framework is a Essay

It is often said that a country's corporate legal framework is a reflection of its socio-economic and political values. To wha - Essay Example In this case, corporate governance may favour certain people because they can afford to pay hefty bribes to government officials. Comparing corporate governance in the developed and developing countries, the former are accountable but the later are not. Digging deeper into the political and social-economic situations, people in the developing countries face unprecedented oppression from the very government they choose. It is therefore evident the corporate legal framework of a country reflect its social economic and political values. History of corporate governance Interest in corporate governance started after the Wall Street crash of 1929. Edwin Dodd, and Gardiner C and Adolf Augustus Berle, Jr. Gor very concerned with the Wall Street crash. These scholars were wondered the changes to introduce to modern corporations to protect the stakeholders and the employees. Another scholar, Ronald Coarse from the University of Chicago tried to understand how corporations operated. The main wa s to introduce measures to prevent corporation collapse.1 However, these concerned scholars could not do anything to change the corporations of the time. The American government introduced a set of rules but did nothing much at that time. After the world war two, a class of scholars in management, business and organizational behaviour continued studying modern corporations to come up with ways to make them better and accountable. At that time, some corporations in United States, United Kingdom and other developed countries started establishing branches in other countries. This made the companies complex in that accountability would become challenging. Like before, the scholars in the third quarter of the twentieth century did not do much regarding corporate governance.2 Corporate governance got the attention of the government and the public in the 1990s. In early 1990s, boards of large companies dismissed Chief Executive Officers. Some of the companies involved were Kodak, IBM and H oneywell. Around the same time, it emerged that companies were not accountable in any way. There was a belief that Chief Executive Officers had good relationships with the board of directors. As such, each of the two covered the other in the times of accountability. Emergence of these issues led to a wave of activism, initiated in California by the California Public Employees Retirement system (calPERS). The primary concern for this organization was stakeholders’ protection. The campaigns were making sense but the government did not do much regarding the case. However, this outcry made the government to be more cautious with corporations.3 In the United Kingdom, Steps towards corporate governance started in 1992 when the Financial Reporting Council set up a committee chaired by Sir Adrian Cadbury. The report recommended many things in relation to corporate governance. Some of the recommendations gained acceptance from the beginning but others got amendments along the way. The amendment of the company executives’ compensation clause in 1995 is a good example. Another report on corporate governance came up after the Hampell Report in 1998. Hampell reported evaluated the Cadbury and Greenburg reports and provide recommendations.4 Action on corporate governance became a serious issue in The United States in the early 21st century. Enron and WorldCom became bankrupt and other major companies including Tyco, Arthur Andersen, AOL, Global

Women in the Struggle for America's Independence Research Paper - 2

Women in the Struggle for America's Independence - Research Paper Example A woman is not equal to a man, but more equal! She has shown her capacity to challenge the complex roles, hitherto not performed by her, when historical necessities demanded them from her. During the various wars, her brave and sterling qualities were displayed. Her one such important challenge was the war of the American Revolution. Why the American Revolution is unique from the perspective of women The American Revolution was unique as for its cultural and social aspects. Women involved themselves in different fonts and often served multiple objectives. The perspectives of participation in war efforts of the elite white women with their intellectual background were different from the black and Native American women. They played their multiple roles in different segments of revolution. Carol Berkin, in her book, â€Å"Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence,† provides a gendered portrait of multiple revolutions. The author has attempted to tell a complex story in a simple tone, not filled with aggression or malice. She writes, â€Å"When men went off to fight the war, either on the battlefield or in the storehouses, women accepted the need to step in and direct household affairs, run the farm or shop, arm themselves against the enemy, and protect their families from danger.† (xvi) They were fighting a war of survival in most of the cases and the day to day challenges was unpredictable. The developments in the war front, the victories and setbacks, constantly played upon their psychology while managing their onerous responsibilities. Women not â€Å"passive observers,† rather â€Å"partners† Berkin has provided ample examples of women’s exploits that she hailed them as the Revolutionary Mothers. She argues, during the period of Revolution, women were not â€Å"passive observers" but rather "partners" with their husbands, brothers, fathers and sons (p. xv).

Growth of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculemtum ) In Optimized Mixed Manure Research Paper

Growth of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculemtum ) In Optimized Mixed Manure Integrated with Recycled Biodegradable Natural Fiber Struc - Research Paper Example The environmental guiding principle aims to ensure that ordinary elements such as soil, water, air, forest and landscape are kept well and made use of on a long-term basis in the interests of the economy and the society. This particular manure in UAE comprises of numerous diverse materials, such as wood, farm manure, plants, biowaste camel, cow, goats, chicken, saw dust, date palm leaves and other components. Contemporary, methodical composting as is the case of the UAE, is a multi-step, which is a closely monitored process where contributions of water, air, date palm leaves sawdust, cows, chickens, horses, camels dung, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials which are then mixed together and given about six days to get composted (Rosen, pg 146). The decomposition progression is assisted by shredding the plant matter, adding water and then ensuring suitable aeration by frequently turning the mixture. Worms and fungi break up the material while the aerobic bacteria convert by chemical process the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and ammonium while the ammonium is then converted into plant-nourishing nitrates and nitrites through the process of nitrification (Kumar, pg 98). The Soil in the UAE is characterized by the unfortunate physical and chemical poor properties, low soil fertility and structure may possibly threaten the food production and supply to the populace. Organic fertilizer, such as animal manure, has the ability to hold more nutrients and water making the soil more fertile as, it contains a quantity of nutrients that helps the plants to grow well. Even though the animal manures in the country which includes camel, cattle, sheep, and chicken are basically available, it does not find its way to the farmers in its simple and uncontaminated way. A manufacturing step has to make the animal manure fertilizers more accessible, hygienic and in simple form to the farmers. The title of this project is ‘’Optimized Mixed Manure Integrated with Recy cled Biodegradable Natural Fiber Structure’’ and this project aims to find the most suitable mixture of manure animal fertilizers for plant growth and crop production as well as ways of improving the soil fertility and its composition. This project focuses on developing the compacting methods for handling and making use of the manure within the organic composite structure, and then test the load capacity and conditions at which the overall composition can maintain its potency for an intended period of time. The later stage of this project is to determine the decay time and deterioration of supporting the composite structure (Clark, pg 156). By tradition, composting is done by putting piles of organic matters until the next planting season, at which time the matter would have decayed adequately to be ready for use in the soil. The advantage of this method is that little effort or working time is required from the composter to fit in naturally with agricultural practices in temperate climates. But the disadvantages from the contemporary perspective are that space is used for a whole year. As a result, some nutrients may be leached due to exposure to rainfall, and disease generating organisms and there are the chances that insects may possibly not be effectively controlled (Cakmak, pg67). There are numerous contemporary proponents of rapid composting that endeavor to correct some of the apparent problems

Elderly Physical Activity And Exercise Health And Social Care Essay

Elderly Physical Activity And Exercise Health And Social Care Essay According to Foster (1983), well elderly are people over the age of 65 who live in the community out of an institutional setting who continue their life-long patterns of coping with life and living. 2.2.0 Physical activity and Exercise 2.2.1 Definitions of Physical Activity and Exercise Caspersen, Powell and Christenson (1985) defined physical activity as any bodily movements produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure whereas exercise was defined as planned, structured, repetitive, and purposive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness. In several studies these two terms are used interchangeably. Melillo et al. (1996) stated that when compared to physical activity, exercise is only a component of the overall concept. According to O Brien Cousins (1998) when gerontologists need to measure amounts of physical movements that the elderly may be doing , they tend to use the term physical activity instead of exercise or sport as the latter two may sound like high-exertion and risky activity. 2.2.2 Perceptions of Physical Activity and Exercise Hutton et al. (2009) studied the view of physical activity in older adults. Some consider the involvement in everyday activities such as household chores, leisure pursuits and gardening sufficient for them to meet their physical requirements. On the other hand, others believed that activity needs would be met if one participates in specific tasks other then daily activities. Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001) studied the difference in perception of exercise between the less and the more physically capable group of old adults. The less physically capable group defined exercise as maintaining basic abilities and movement. The more physically capable think that exercise should push physical limits and eventually have a goal, although they did not oppose that ageing increases the challenge in activities of daily living. Wilcox, Oberrecht, Bopp, Kammermann and McElmurray (2005) came to similar conclusions after analysing elderly womens attempt in describing the difference between the physical activity and exercise. Physical activity was viewed as broader than exercise. Walcott- McQuigg and Prohaska (2001) distinguished exercise definition between older adults at different stages of readiness to change, used in the Transtheoretical Stages of Change model by Prochaska et al. (1997). Precontemplators viewed exercise as a form of physical exertion such as performing calisthenics and push ups. Participation in formal programs, walking and home exercises were contemplators perceptions of exercise. A broader definition was given by the action and maintenance group as exercise was defined as housework, dancing, general movement and attending social functions. 2.2.3 Recommendations of Exercise The  American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the  American Heart Association (AHA) released exercise guidelines in 2007 which are an update from the 1995 guidelines by ACSM and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The new recommendation of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for adults over age 65 identified 30 minutes a day, five days per week as the recommended minimum as opposed to previous one that stated accumulation of 30 minutes or more on most, preferably all days of the week (Haskell et al., 2007). A subjective scale that ranges from 1 (resting) and 10 (an all out effort), is used since moderate intensity cannot be defined in absolute terms. Moderate intensity exercise means working hard at about level-six intensity and being able to carry on a conversation during exercise (ACSM AHA, n.d.). 2.2.4 Perceptions of Exercise Recommendation In 2004, Belza et al. found that older adults understood the ACSM and CDC recommendation. In a similar study done by Wilcox et al. (2005) amongst old women, the participants expressed the idea that moderate-intensity is subjective as it depends on the person. Housework and walking were the two most examples given to illustrate the meaning. Others defined moderate intensity by the level of exertion such as sweating, when the heart start pounding and going beyond comfort level. The word accumulate in the recommendation resulted in uncertainty. When asked to give their general opinion on the recommendation, some said that it was good and realistic and others said it was not. In the same study it has been shown that older adults believe that tailoring recommendations to ones age and physical health is more sensible than just using one-size-fits-all recommendation. 2.3.0 Benefits of Exercise 2.3.1 Documented Benefits of Exercise Juarbe, Turok and Perez-Stable (2002) declared that physical inactivity is one of the most important amendable risk factor for many diseases. WHO (2003) stated that physical activity is important in the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. The risk of deaths from cardiovascular disease is reduced by moderate levels of physical activity (Bassett et al., 2002, as cited in Belza et al., 2004). Blumenthal et al. (1999) stated that routine physical exercise diminishes mental concerns such as depression and anxiety. Regular exercise is also related to a reduction in the risk of falling (Gregg, Pereira Caspersen, 2000). Cress et al. (2005, as cited by Hardy Grogan, 2009) stated that physical activity helps the elderly to keep up a better quality of life by enabling them to have the opportunity for a more active and independent life. OBrien Cousins (2000, as cited in OBrien Cousins, 2003) explains that elderly see physi cal activity as high risk behaviour, when in actual fact it is chronic lying in bed which decondition the body and increases the risk of health problems. In fact Booth, Bauman and Owen (2002) confirm that the risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle far exceed the risks associated with regular participation in regular physical activity. 2.3.2 Knowledge and Perceptions of the Benefits of Exercise It was found that when elderly lack the confidence in physical activity engagement, that is exercise self efficacy, being knowledgeable about the benefits of exercise will not necessarily result in increased physical activity engagement (Phillips, Schneider Mercer, 2004). Crombie et al. (2004) in their study found out that elderly had high levels of knowledge about the specific health benefits from exercise participation. However, a small number of participants gave the wrong responses or were unsure of the effects. 15% thought that physical activity can lead to long-term hypertension and 13% thought that exercise can weaken bones. 10% did not believe that participation in regular physical activity would not help them to feel better and in remaining independent. Most elderly believed that exercise can help to improve physical fitness, maintain levels of energy, maintain or increase muscle strength and tone, prevent aches and pains, and give them the opportunity to socialise with other people. Wilcox et al. (2005) examined perceptions of exercise benefits and came up with three types namely being weight and appearance, physical health and mental health benefits. Physical health benefits were the most regularly mentioned benefits of exercise in this study. Such examples include heart strengthening, improving arthritis, and decreasing joint stiffness. Some pointed out specific conditions that would benefit from exercise such as diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol. Stress reduction, improved alertness, feeling better, feeling good and improved sleep are examples of mental health benefits cited in the study. When asked about the health benefits of exercise in the study of Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001), many seniors mentioned weight loss and improvements in the heart and breathing. However, it was found that it was easier for elderly to appreciate or detect increased leg strength than increased cardiac fitness, even though they were interested in increasing aerobic and cardiovascular capacity. Walcott-McQuigg and Prohaska (2001) discovered the difference in discussion of benefits between elderly at different stages of exercise. Precontemplators and contemplators discussed benefits in terms of disease processes, such as it keeps you from having the hardening of arteries, prevents weight gain and helps the circulation. While those who exercised used terms such as keeping alert, energizing, relief of stress, keeps you in shape and prevents you from getting stiff. Leavy and Aberg (2010) found out that the inactive and moderately active elderly did not believe strongly that being active could add to life span or avoid disease, despite not denying potential health benefits of exercise. 2.4.0 Motivators to Exercise Resnick (1996, as cited in Keiba, 2004) defined motivation as the inner urge that moves or prompts a person to actionmotivation comes from within. 2.4.1.0 Personal Motivators 2.4.1.1 Health and Fitness Newson and Kemps (2007) in their study among 222 elderly participants examined the incidence of exercise motivation from fitness, challenge or health factors. Fitness factors such as wanting to stay in shape and physically fit were marked as very frequent motivating factors in 51.3% and 51.6% of participants respectively. 30% of elderly stated that weight loss has never been a motivating factor to exercise, while 24.5% always exercise to lose weight. Cholesterol reduction and weight loss promote healthy behaviours adoption such as healthy eating and exercise in elderly (Greaney, Lees, Greene Clark, 2004). Improving fitness, keep healthy and joint mobility maintenance were the most reported motives to engage in exercise and sports in participants of the study of Kolt, Driver and Giles (2004). 2.4.1.2 Challenge Beljic (2007) stated that competition can be an efficient motivational tool for elderly to exercise as it was common amongst elderly who constantly compared their blood glucose measurements whilst on a summer camp. Other people can be a source of external motivation through competition, cooperation and comparison (Fogg, 2003, as cited in Albaina, 2009). Factors such as competitivity and skills improvement were mostly marked as rare stimulating factors (Newson Kemps, 2007). 2.4.1.3 Psychological Resnick et al. (2002) explained social cognitive theory of Bandura (1997). They stated that forethought regulates human motivation and action. Outcome expectations and self-efficacy expectations are the basis of the behaviour cognitive control. This means that the person has to believe that a personal action will be followed by a certain outcome, and has to believe in his or her capability to perform such course of action. Exercise engagement has been repeatedly found to be predicted by a strong self belief in accomplishing exercise (Phillips et al., 2004). Resnick (2002) identified factors that had been found to increase self efficacy in older adults. Such factors include role modelling, verbal persuasionf and encouragement, education about exercise and reduction in exercise associated unpleasant sensations. Doing an activity the elderly really enjoy, was found to be a motivating factor to exercise (Melillo et al., 1996). Exercise adherence is influenced by physical activity enjoyment as discussed by Hardy and Grogan (2009). 2.4.1.4 Other motivators Another exercise enabler, time availability, emerged from the various studies including that of Scanlon-Mogel and Roberto (2004). 60% of elderly in the study agreed that role changes in later life such as retirement permit more time available for elderly to participate in exercise. 9.1% of elderly in the study of Cohen-Mansfield, Marx and Guralnik (2003) mentioned increased time availability as a motivating factor. Tolma, Lane, Cornman and Uddin, (2003) indicated that some elderly are motivated to exercise because of their perceived exercise benefits such being able to perform simple activities of daily living, keeping busy and prevent boredom. 2.4.2 Social Motivators Keiba (2004) discussed that social support could encourage individuals to complete necessary unappealing activities because we as individuals are social in nature. This is particularly significant in the older adult who is more reluctant and cautious in attempting certain activities due to fear of decreased physical abilities and mental acuity. Berkman (1995, as cited in Resnick et al., 2002), described different types of social support related to exercise including instrumental, informational, emotional and appraisal types. Such examples of support include accompanying an old adult for a walk, sharing information about exercise, calling a friend to check if they have walked or giving verbal encouragement. According to Hardy and Grogan (2009), social support would increase elderly confidence and reassurance and thus enhance elderly self efficacy in exercise. Family as encouragement was one of the most important themes that emerged from the study by Belza et al. (2004). Family assisted elderly participation in exercise in several ways, such as getting them exercise equipment, providing transport to exercise facilities and by encouraging their participation. Grossman and Stewart (2003, as cited in Bunn et al., 2008) agrees with the latter study as they both cited that decreasing the burden on their family by avoiding sickness was an incentive for some elderly to keep physically active. The motivation of some elderly to stay active and maintain a good quality of life arises from the death and weight problems of their loved ones (Hardy and Grogan, 2009). Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003) found that 14% of participants stated that having someone to exercise with, motivates them to be physically active. Wilcox et al. (2005) supported this finding as they found that elderly physical activity participation increases and becomes more enjoyable when having someone to exercise with. It was reported that elderly discussed the idea of organizing neighbourhood groups to enable increased communication, support, and planning of physical activities. Because of increased social contact and motivation, group exercise encourages some elderly to be physically active according to Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001). 31.3% of African American and 27% of European American in the study of Schuler et al. (2006) stated that they exercise as it is something they can do with their friends. Swinburn, Walter, Arroll, Tilyard and Russell (1998) stated that patients consider a physicians exercise prescription important. Pfeiffer, Clay and Conatser (2001) in the evaluation of the former statement, pointed out that the physician believe in the health benefits of exercise since he or she equates exercise with medication. 6.1% of elderly in Nowak study (2006) mentioned physicians recommendation as a motive to exercise. 2.4.3 Environmental Motivators Exercise facility proximity to the elderlys house promotes exercise engagement in 10% of the participants in the study of Chen, Snyder and Krichbaum (2001). Huston, Evenson, Bors and Gizlice, (2003) studied further this enabler among elderly in America and found that performance in some type of leisure-time physical activity is increased by having access to parks, clubs and fitness centres, in the vicinity of their homes or workplace. Bunn, Dickinson, Barnett-Page, Mcinnes and Horton (2008) identified accessible and appealing information about physical and psychological benefits of exercise as facilitators to exercise. Convenient scheduling of exercise programmes which are tailored to needs or lifestyles enable exercise participation. 2.5.0 Barriers of exercise The Oxford Study Dictionary (1994, pg.50) defined Barrier as something that prevents or controls advance, access, or progress. Hardy and Grogan (2009) stated that real or perceived barriers can significantly obstruct exercise participation. 2.5.1.0 Personal Barriers 2.5.1.1 Health In the study of Juarbe et al. (2002), 28.6% of elderly claimed that the maintenance of a regular physical activity program was impeded by their personal health condition. Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003) reported that the ability to stay physically active can be influenced by a variety of chronic disabling illnesses and a general lack of understanding of the role of physical activity. 53% reported pain or health problems as a limitation to exercise. The elderly had the belief that due to their medical diagnosis they should not and were not allowed to participate in physical activity. 12% were restricted by shortness of breath while 27% were impeded by painful joints (Crombie et al., 2004). The perception of making their pain worse and feeling of tiredness and dizziness restricted physical activity (Belza et al., 2004). 2.5.1.2 Concerns Petersen (2006) argued that for many older people, fear of injury is an impediment to exercise. Elderly may have multiple pathologies and they might be afraid of exacerbating their symptoms such as pain, inducing injury such as a fracture and triggering hypoglycaemia for instance. Overexertion concerns were brought up in the study of Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001) such as worrying of death when the heart starts beating too fast. Fear of exercise-associated falls were cited as obstacles to exercise ( Lavizzo-Mourey et al., 2001) as they lead to a decline in confidence, which in turn discourage exercise participation (Bruce, Devine Prince, 2002, as cited in Bunn et al., 2008). Unwillingness to go out at night due to fear of being out alone hinders exercise participation (Crombie et al., 2004; Hardy and Grogan, 2009). 2.5.1.3 Perceptions Wilcox et al. (2005) discussed elderly perception of being too old to exercise and their concern of doing more harm than good. 34.9% of elderly participants in the study of Nowak (2006) and 14.3% in the study of Chen et al. (2001) voiced their idea that their inappropriate age is occluding them from exercising. Zunft et al. (1999, as cited in Leavy Aberg, 2010) in their examination of perceived barriers of the older European adults, found that being too old or not being the sporty type were major barriers in physical activity participation. Relating physical activity to sport and the unawareness of the moderate-intensity activity importance on healthy aging, could rationalize these perceptions, argues Leavy and Aberg (2010). Crombie et al. (2004) pointed out the contribution of lack of positive beliefs of physical activity to sedentary behaviour. Some elderly women voiced their ideas that housework serves as a sufficient exercise and eliminate outside exercise activities requirement (Walcott-McQuigg Prohaska, 2001). 2.5.1.4 Psychological Nowak (2006) reported that 7.8% of elderly women cited self-consciousness as their reason for physical passivity. Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001) in their study assumed that participation in group exercise might be influenced by embarrassment. As reported in the study, an elderly person was concerned that when bending over, the person behind would see the whole rear exposed. Hutton et al. (2009) in their findings of exercise barriers reported feeling of self-consciousness when exercising in the presence of younger people with gym equipment. Dissatisfaction of the body appearance and body mass index, would affect the old adults body esteem and this would influence the level of physical activity (McLaren, Hardy Kuh, 2003, as cited in Hardy Grogan, 2009). McLaren et al. (2003) attributed this negative influence to the effect of body dissatisfaction on the persons sense of well-being and quality of life. Lack of enjoyment is another known barrier to exercise (Wilcox et al., 2005), in fact it impedes 8.3% of elderly participants in the study of Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003). Laziness, lack of motivation and willpower were identified as barriers to exercise (Walcott-McQuigg Prohaska, 2001; Wilcox et al., 2005). Dergance et al. (2003) in their study about the difference of barriers to leisure time physical activity across cultures found that 19% of Mexican Americans elderly and 45.9% of European Americans elderly stated lack of interest as a barrier. 11.4 % of elderly in the study of Chen et al. (2001) have never considered practicing Tai Chi as they were not interested. 2.5.1.5 Other barriers O Brein Cousins (2003) argues that since older people pack their schedules with voluntary work, care giving roles and probably bingo and other passive games, they genuinely feel they have no spare time left to engage in physical activity. Similarly Schuler al. (2006) reported that among their study population, 12.2% of African American and 10.1% of European American cited lack of time as an exercise barrier. Twenty nine percent of participants in Cheng et al. study in 2007 referred to their difficulty in memorising exercise styles as a barrier to exercise. 22.9% of elderly do not consider practicing Tai Chi as they think they will forget its complicated movements (Chen et al., 2001). The necessity of a walking aid is an impediment to exercise in the elderly (Lavizzo-Mourey et al., 2001). 2.5.2 Social Barriers Petersen (2006), mentioned that physicians occasionally hinder lifestyle changes unintentionally. Patients are given the impression that exercise is not important as physicians do not inquire much about exercise. Rogers et al., (2006) reported low levels of physician counselling on physical activity. Only 34% of a survey participants cited being advised on exercise at their last doctor visit (Wee, McCarthy, Davis Phillips, 1999, as cited in Resnick et al., 2002). ONeil and Reid (1991, as cited in Melillo et al., 1996) found that 16% of elderly did not exercise as their doctor advised them to be careful and not to over-exert themselves. Belza et al., (2004) reported that elderly mentioned family and work obligations which interfere with physical activity routine maintenance. Walcott-McQuigg and Prohaska (2001) indicated that family responsibilities such as caring for grandchildren and older or ailing relatives are restricting the time available for elderly to be physically active. It was also stated that repeated family advice and encouragement can become irritating to the elderly person. Lack of social support from spouse, family and lack of company obstruct exercise participation (Lees, Clark, Nigg Newman, 2005; Wilcox et al., 2005). Ball, Bauman, Leslie and Owen (2001, as cited in Salvador, Florindo, Reis Costa, 2009) stated that walking during leisure time is 31% less likely in individuals who do not have anyone to exercise with. Antikainen et al., (2010) pointed out the elderly family members concern of overexertion and thus resulting in little encouragement to exercise. Negative comments directed to elderly who attempted to exercise discourage physical activity participation (Jancey, Clarke, Howat, Maycock, Lee, 2009). Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001) emphasize this barrier as a group of children was a source of intimidation and hazard for certain elderly whilst doing exercise. 2.5.3 Cultural Barriers A barrier that emerged in the study of Wilcox et al. (2005) was that in the past, exercise was not something discussed and stressed on, and they did not have exercise role models. In fact one elderly woman cited that she cannot visualize her mother doing exercise or even speaking about it. Similarly in the study of Nowak (2006) it was found that the most barriers associated with physical inactivity were cultural, originating from the lack of cultivated customs of a physically active lifestyle in the society. Physical labour of past African American jobs led to their perception that additional exercise was not necessary (Walcott-McQuigg Prohaska, 2001). 2.5.4 Environmental Barriers Difficulty, element of competition and lack of attraction of exercise classes were some of the elderly views that hindered their participation in a class, according to Hutton et al. (2009). Uneasiness was a mentioned concern in a group exercise environment and this pressure is owed to the inability of keeping pace with the class. Wilcox et al. (2005) supported this report by his findings in which elderly discussed the lack of age-appropriate classes and expenses. In the study of Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003), 10.9% of participants reported bad weather as an obstacle to exercise. Several issues related to rurality such as transport unavailability, lack of pavements, lack of safety and facilities were considered as barriers in Wilcox et al. study in 2005. Pfeiffer et al. (2001) supported these findings by their study and attributed the unavailability of sidewalks with the fear of falling and hence makes walking an unappealing exercise. In the study of Lavizzo-Mourey et al. (2001), unevenness of steps and pavements was cited as another barrier. 16 % of elderly in Cheng et al. study (2007) cited limited public space available to do exercise. Limitation and inappropriateness of space to exercise in the house was found to be a barrier in the study done by Juarbe et al. (2002), usually due to the fact that they live in a confined space with their relatives, shared residential homes or in an apartment. Hardy and Grogan (2009) in their investigation o f the factors influencing engagement in physical activity concluded that the lack of information about exercise and the elderly is limiting their participation. 2.6.0 Variables affecting Impeding and Motivating Factors OBrien Cousins (1995, as cited in OBrien Cousins, 2003) has shown that the elderly involvement in exercise could be significantly affected by the individuals life circumstances such as the age, gender, education and health. 2.6.1 Age Bylina et al. (2006) cited National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion when stating that 28-34% of adults between 65-74 years old and 35-44% of adults aged 75 or older are inactive, not exercising, and engaging in no leisure-time physical activities. Newson and Kemps (2007) compared those older than 75 years to their younger counterparts. They were more likely to exercise to maintain an active lifestyle and medical problems were more likely to prevent them from engaging in exercise. Kolt et al. (2004) found that involvement factors such as getting out of the house and having something to do, and medical motivators were rated more highly by those 75 + than the middle old. The middle-age group reported fitness reasons to be more important than the old-age group. The high ratings of involvement factors may be explained by McMurdo (2000) when stating that loneliness and isolation faced by older adults may be countered by the experience provided by physical activity and exercise. 2.6.2 Level of Education Walsh, Rogot, Pressman, Cauley and Browner (2001) found out that medium or high intensity activities were activities that elderly women with greater than a high school education, were more likely to engage in. Similarly Cheng et al. (2007) reported that exercise participation was lower in less educated people . Highly educated elderly were found to be highly motivated to exercise by social and fitness motivators (Kolt et al, 2004) and an organized exercise program (Cohen-Mansfield, 2003). Involvement reasons were highly rated by those who did not complete high level education (Kolt et al, 2004). 2.6.3 Level of Exercise Time constraints and physical weakness were identified as barriers by the exercisers, while fear of falling and the negative consequences were mentioned by the non-exercisers. Lack of social support is a significant barrier for both. Having a buddy-system in a group exercise would encourage non exercisers to exercise (Lees et al., 2005). Fitness and Challenge factors were reported as frequent motivators by the high-level exercisers when compared to low-level exercisers. Concern, medical factors and lack of facilities and knowledge were rated as frequent barriers to low-level exercisers (Newson Kemps, 2007). Health problems were more likely to be identified as barriers by the precontemplators, although it was a common report among the other groups. Lack of motivation and laziness were identified as barriers by the elderly at every stage of readiness to change (Walcott-McQuigg Prohaska, 2001). Social interaction was an opportunity which motivated the less active participants in parti cular, to take part in exercise (Leavy and Aberg, 2010). 2.6.4 Marital and Habitual Status Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003) found that having more time available would motivate a lot of married elderly to exercise more frequently. Additionally, it was discussed that since the unmarried would probably be more in need of social interactions, they showed more of an interest in finding someone to accompany them in exercise. It was further discussed that the more socially isolated persons may benefit from social forms of exercise as group exercise would motivate them to exercise. 2.7 Conclusion Elderly persons have different perception of exercise definition, recommendation and benefits. A vast range of motivators and barriers were found to encourage or impede elderly participation in exercise. The perceptions, barriers and motivators were also found to differ with different elderly background characteristics and level of exercise.

The Return :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Return by Sonia Levitin is a novel showing how difficult life is for Ethiopian Jews traveling to Israel. They face many hardships on their way, and there are many obstacles in their path. Many themes are depicted in this novel. Three meaningful topics that can be discussed are maturing and finding one’s own identity, prejudice and its effect, and cultural/family pressures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the themes that The Return illustrates is maturing and finding one’s own identity. An example of this theme is in the beginning of the novel when Desta does not want to depart for Jerusalem and wants to stay with her family. However, soldiers come to recruit from her village and Desta has to leave immediately. Desta does not complain about this situation. This shows maturity because Desta knows that her family wants her to leave for Jerusalem and that it is the best for her. A further example of maturing and finding one’s own identity is one Joas dies. Desta always relies on Joas in the beginning of the novel, but she then takes control by taking care of Almaz and herself. She trades with foreigners and struggles to survive with her sister. She also continues to travel even though there is a risk of death. This shows courage and maturity because it is very hard to take care of a nine-year-old child with very little food at hand. Another way De sta shows maturity is how she uses skills she learns to her advantage. An example of this is when Desta takes her holiday shamma and wraps Joas in it for a burial. This shows maturity because she follows what her culture expects of her. One last example of maturity illustrated in The Return is how Desta tells Dan, with no fears, that she does not want to marry him yet. She expects than Dan will be angry, but Desta tells him anyway. This shows maturity because she stands up for what she believes is right for herself and shows independence. As one can see, Desta matures in many ways throughout the novel performing bravely, independently, and lovingly in acts towards herself and others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another theme that The Return shows is prejudice and its effect. One example this novel shows is that enemies of the Ethiopian Jews are killing and forcing them to be soldiers. This shows prejudice because the enemies only think about themselves and treat other people like animals.

Marketing Applications of Internet Marketing Essay

Internet-based media offer a range of opportunities for marketing products and services across the purchase cycle. Organizations can use online communications such as their websites, third-party websites and email marketing as means of: †¢An advertising medium. For example, BP plc and its subsidiary companies, such as Castrol Limited, uses large-format display or interactive ads on media sites to create awareness of brands and products such as fuels and lubricants. †¢A direct-response medium. For example, easyJet uses sponsored links when a user is researching a flight using a search engine to prompt them to directly visit the easyJet site by clicking through to it. Similarly the easyJet e-mail newsletter sent to customers can encourage them to click through to a web site to generate sales. †¢A platform for sales transactions. For example, easyJet sells flights online to both consumers and business travellers. †¢A lead-generation method. For example, when BP offers content to business car managers about selecting the best fuel for company cars in order to identify interest from a car fleet manager. †¢A distribution channel. For example, for distributing digital products. This is often specific to companies with digital products to sell such as online music resellers such as Napster (www.napster.com) and Apple iTunes (www.itunes.com) or publishers of written or video content. †¢A customer service mechanism. For example, customers serve themselves on easyJet.com by reviewing frequently asked questions. †¢A relationship-building medium where a company can interact with its customers to better understand their needs and offer them relevant products and offers. For example, easyJet uses its e-mail newsletter and tailored alerts about special deals to help keep its customers and engage them in a dialogue to understand their needs through completing surveys and polls.

The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union Essays

The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union Essays The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union Essay The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union Essay Almost sixty-nine years after it was founded, the Soviet Union came to an end. In 1985 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev became general secretary of the Communist Party, and in 1988 he became President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). However, six years later on December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned. It was at this time that the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Most Russians today, still suffering through a difficult transition, believe Gorbachev changed their nation for the worse. Most foreigners think he changed the world for the better. It may take decades before Mikhail Sergeyevichs place in history can be fully evaluated.Boris Yeltsin became the first elected president of the Russian Federation on June 12, 1991.Countless problems and unfulfilled expectations plagued Yeltsin as the first elected leader of the newly independent Russian democracy. His attempts at drastic reforms, which were to transform Russia into a prosperous market-based econo my, were met with public disapproval. As president of Russia, Yeltsin played a pivotal role in the dissolution of the USSR. Despite assurances from Yeltsin that reform would yield dividends within a year, the economy contracted steadily from 1992 to 1997, dwindling to less than half its previous size. Millions of ordinary people suffered great privation because of declining output, reduced and often delayed wage and pension payments, and unemployment. President Boris Yeltsin, at age 68, resigned as president of the Russian Federation on December 31, 1999, roughly six months before the end of his term. The Soviet Unions stormy political battles took place against a broader background of other unsolved and growing problems. Minority nationalities continued their pressure for greater freedom from Moscow. This trend went the furthest in Lithuania. President Gorbachev responded with a variety of measures, including an economic blockade to force the Lithuanians to reverse the

How to Write a Family and Consumer Science Research Paper Guide for College Students

How to Write a Family and Consumer Science Research Paper Guide for College Students Family and consumer science is a good major for those students who are interested in studying the relationships among people and their personal environments and would like to help people make decisions and solve problems. These disciplines focus on people, families, and communities from ecological and interdisciplinary perspectives. If you want to succeed in your academic career and as family and consumer science professional, you will have to be an active listener, have strong reading and research skills, and be a good writer because writing assignments such as essays and term papers will account for the major part of your student grade. Wondering how to cope with a tricky family and consumer science research paper? Read this article where you’ll find an easy guide on how to write a successful research paper in family and consumer sciences. Besides, we will provide you with a list of amazing family and consumer science research paper topics to help you get started. What Is a Family and Consumer Science Research Paper? The goal of a research paper in family and consumer science is to bring together different views, facts, and evidence about a certain topic from books and articles from scholarly journals, analyze them, and interpret this information into your own writing. Your research paper will demonstrate 2 things: what you have learned about a specific topic and what experts in the field think about the same topic. Sometimes you have to explain a complex idea to your readers and sometimes you have to present your own judgment about a particular issue or a problem. Research papers may vary in length which commonly depends on your teacher’s guidelines. Actually, there are 3 stages of creating a research paper in any discipline: prewriting: understanding the assignment, choosing a topic, doing research, making an outline; writing: creating the first draft; revising and writing the final draft. Sometimes the most difficult part of writing a research paper is just getting started, so let’s discuss these stages in detail and break down the process into easy steps. Find a Good Topic: Creative Ideas from Our Writers The first thing you should is to understand your assignment and to choose a specific question or topic for doing research. The best approach is to pick a topic that interests you and may be interesting for your reader – you’ll never feel bored when working on your project. When you find an appropriate topic, you should start the preliminary reading of some general sources such as textbooks or encyclopedias to get a better idea of it. You should think about the possible thesis statement/research question and use different techniques to narrow down your topic and make it manageable. For example, if you are interested in a healthy lifestyle, you may write about the importance of developing healthy lifestyle habits for college students or for patients with specific diseases. You should do your best to make your topic as specific as possible. Here is what you can do: jot lists; make preliminary outlines; make a concept map; list questions; list possible thesis statements. If you lack ideas for finding an interesting topic for your research project, feel free to use our list of powerful family and consumer science research paper topics: Role of the Family And Community in Child Development; Importance of Adopting Eco-sustainable Habits in Families; Healthy Lifestyle Programs for Parents; Why Should Food Sustainability Be an International Priority? Why Is Homeschooling on the Rise In The USA? Sustainability Trends in The Fashion Industry; What Are the Barriers to Healthy Weight Management? Impact of Financial Literacy on Economic Behavior; Practical Application of Fundamental Nutrition Principles; Discuss Services Provided by Different Types of Family Service Agencies; Quality Assurance Programs in the Food Industry; Electrical Systems in Residential and Commercial Design; Management of Family Income; Marriage and Family Living; Strategies of Family Financial Counseling. Begin Research: Calm Steady When you have chosen an appropriate topic and created a preliminary thesis to understand the direction you want to take in your paper, it’s time to start conducting a research. Your task is to find relevant information on the topic that will help you support your thesis statement or give an answer to your research question. You should find different types of primary and secondary sources searching library catalogs, online databases, bibliographies, periodical indexes. You can also follow the suggestions of your instructor. Your research paper in family and consumer science should be based on scholarly books and articles from journals. You can find lots of relevant information online as well. You should make a list of possible sources and start reading them closely and making notes of interesting ideas that you find in them and your own thoughts. You should get all of the bibliographical information about your sources (e.g. title, date of publishing, author, page number etc.) so you don’t have to look for that information when writing your research paper. When making notes, you should write the information in your own words. You can paraphrase or summarize the information you have found to avoid plagiarism. If you take direct quotes from sources, you should use quotation marks to indicate that. Think about possible conclusions from what you have read and write them down as well. Besides, you need to look for details and evidence that will help you support your thesis and write them down too (good examples, facts, statistics). When citing your sources, you should do it according to the requirements of a specific format for citing sources, for example, APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard etc. Ask your instructor what citation style you should use. Organize Information When you have gathered enough information, you may want to change the focus of your paper and revise your thesis. You should use brainstorming techniques to decide whether you need to change your thesis or not. Make sure that your thesis is strong and specific. For example, when writing a research paper on nutrition, your thesis statement may look like this one: ‘Nutrition is essential for health and well-being, growth and development so keeping basic nutrition principles can help people of all ages improve the quality of life.’ Now it’s time to develop a detailed outline or a concept map to organize the information that you want to present to your readers and outline your argument. You should group all your notes together, match information that fits together, and think about key points that will help you support your thesis statement. Typically, a research paper is a lengthy project so you shouldn’t put all your key ideas into one section. You need to think about an introduction and conclusion and divide the main body into several sections that discuss specific aspects of your topic. You should also think about possible section headings and keep them clear and concise. Write the First Draft A good outline will guide your writing and help you stay focused on your topic and provide a logical argument. When you have developed a detailed structure for your research paper, you can start writing your draft form any section. You should start writing freely the section that you feel comfortable with and don’t worry too much about grammar or spelling at this early stage. You’ll need to write multiple drafts and now your task is to put your ideas on paper and organize a logical argument. Don’t put excessive pressure on your first draft – you’ll think about grammar, punctuation, and spelling at the editing and proofreading stage of the writing process. Here are some general family and consumer science research paper writing tips you should keep in mind to work more productively: Use your thesis statement, outline, and notes to fill the sections of your future paper; Try to write in your own words and don’t just repeat the researched information; Cite all your sources properly even in the rough draft; If you have trouble with writing some section of your research paper, skip it, and go back to it later; A good idea is to consult a good dictionary or a thesaurus to find the most precise words for expressing your thoughts. Now let’s discuss how to write different parts of your family and consumer science research paper. Introduction There is no need to write a lengthy introduction. You’d better make it short and sharp to start your research paper more effectively. Here are some essential elements that you should include in the introduction: You should begin the introduction with an attention grabber: an interesting fact, impressive statistics, a short story, a good example or historical context that presents the topic of your research paper; You may define the key terms to help your readers better understand your paper and follow your argument; You have to explain the focus of your paper and the purpose of your research; You must end your introduction with the thesis statement and reveal the plan for organizing your argument. Main Body Build the body of your family and consumer science research paper around the points you are willing to make and divide it into a number of sections. Begin each of the sections with an explanation of its purpose. Develop a strong argument, integrating your sources. Don’t just report the content of the scholarly works you have read. You need to explain, summarize or analyze the information you have gathered. And it’s important to evaluate all your sources. You should also provide strong examples, explanations, and details that can persuade your readers to accept your point of view. Besides, you should include paraphrases and direct quotations with proper references. On the other hand, you should be very selective in the use of quotations and include only the appropriate quoted material that is illustrative or vividly-phrased to support your argument. Over-quoting obscure your own thinking and tells your readers that you don’t have much to say for yourself. Conclusion In the conclusion, you should draw together all the threads of your argument. You can restate your thesis or briefly summarize the argument of your research paper for your readers. You can emphasize the significance of your findings and give recommendations about possible further research. Don’t add any new evidence or information in this part of your academic paper. Revise Your Draft When you have completed your first draft, you should revise it and make changes in weak areas to ensure that your readers will be able to easily follow your argument. You should check the content, logic, organization/structure, citations etc. Keep in mind that revising and editing your research paper is a multi-step process. Here is what you should do. First, you should focus on ‘the big picture’ and check the overall organization of your ideas in the paper. Review your research paper and check the logical flow of all your sections as well as coherence and depth of your discussion in the main body. You should also read your paper paragraph by paragraph to see how the main idea of every paragraph relates to the thesis statement. Make sure that there are no paragraphs with the same information. Then, check each paragraph and consider the sequence of ideas within it, topic sentences, details and examples to support the main points, use of the transition words in paragraphs and between them. You should also ensure that you consistently use the specific citation format when citing your sources and that you have an accurate list of works cited. When you are satisfied with the content and the structure of your family and consumer science research paper, you can proofread it and pay attention to sentence-level concerns such as sentence structure and word choice and look for common errors like spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and typos. When proofreading your research paper, you’d better read it aloud. In this way, you will easier notice some problems that your eyes might miss. Writer’s blindness is a common problem so you may need a second set of eyes to proofread your final draft. A good idea is to ask your friend or a family member to review your research paper and help you eliminate minor mistakes and typos to ensure that your project is flawless.

Response to u09d1, u09d2, u09d3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to u09d1, u09d2, u09d3 - Coursework Example Conversely, Childers underlines the notion of neutrinos as one of the smallest particles in the matter. As of this, I would rather consider this point into my discussion on the red-shifted and blue-shifted zones of the Local Group. Benjamin managed to resolve this very issue in a simple way. He justifies it through the works by Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit (2009) so as to forward his research in a more simplistic manner. To say more, Benjamin Childers sounds quite comprehensive in his debate on the neutrino-related movement of the matter in the universe. The size of the galaxies (their enormous magnitudes) impress out of assumptions by Childers. His post needs continuation, since it has many to talk about the standpoints of moving galaxies and our presence in the solar system as well. Moreover, he is more focused on temperature variations evident in our galaxy as a part of the larger structure of the universe. It is not a conundrum for me and him, as we both provide a number of arguments to make all doubts and misconception render null. In addition, Jack Gilmer’s post on the Big Bang theory complements my discussion on why I see it feasible and valid in understanding of the universe creation. Gilmer is too excited in describing his thoughts on the theoretical approach. In this respect he reminds me myself, as I was always too interested in the creation of the universe and when the starting point was. Jack Gilmer is similar to my discussion in the question of what caused the Big Bang. On the other hand, his inquisitiveness regarding the reason for the Big Bang complies with my discussion. Moreover, his argument is based on the lack of another viable model to understand the reason why our universe was created. He is similar in thought with me as of the scientific point of view and the physical

To what extent can improvements in productive flow and product quality Essay - 4

To what extent can improvements in productive flow and product quality lead to an increase in sales and profit - Essay Example product flow and quality, and determine how their association can be harnessed to promote sales as well as profits. Business organisations exist with a goal of maintaining continuous improvement and productivity; a goal that can only be achieved if high sales and profits are maintained. Enhanced sales and profits provide adequate opportunities and resources to the manufacturers that they apply for innovation and growth. Enhanced innovation enables manufacturers to provide superior and lean quality products that attract customers. Most companies strive to leverage operational improvements into strategies that transform the company (Williams, Haslam and Williams, 1992). Production flow defines the concept of mass production. It is the idea of producing large quantities that are manufactured through application of high standardised methods. Production flow is applied by many companies because it promotes the production process; it is easier and quicker. The introduction bit of the proce ss is cumbersome and difficult although it becomes easier once the production flow attains momentum. Owing to its emphasis on production of large quantities of commodities, production flow relies on the machinery for most of its roles. This implies that surmountable resources require to be allocated in the purchase, training and maintenance for the strategy to be efficient. Machines involved in this process should be selected and handled carefully to ensure that they are not vulnerable to wear and tear. This may lead to loss in terms of maintenance and replacement costs (Womack, Jones and Roos, 1990). According to Oulton (1987), mass production has its merits as well as demerits. Installation of the machinery required for production requires abundant financial resources. However, once the machinery has been installed, organisations save considerable financial resources, especially the money required in hiring and maintenance of human labour (Gilchrist, 1971). The work output is norm ally high. The accuracy levels are also high provided the machines are maintained in a superb working form. Machines are also capable of abiding to the set deadlines with no requirement for extensions. Abiding to the performance deadline is enhanced by the presence of assembly lines that allows continuous and consistent flow of manufactured products. This enhances output as well as the quality of the products produced in the long term, leading to increased sales and profits. Investing in production flow process benefits the manufacturer due to improved sales, leading to the increase in profits. Quality can be defined as the ability of a product or service to fulfil the client needs or expectations. Therefore, it can be measured depending on the level that the quality of a product satisfies the expectations of a consumer. High quality products have superior features that satisfy the consumer needs while the features of low quality products do not correspond to the needs of the consum er. For instance, the features that determine the quality of mechanical products include appearance, safety and reliability. Product quality improvement should consider the customer’s needs and expectations, extent of fulfilment of both national and international regulations and the competitiveness of the product (Williams, Haslam and Williams, 1993). Improving the product quality will not only satisfy the consumer needs; more customers will be attracted leading to increa To what extent can improvements in productive flow and product quality Essay - 1 To what extent can improvements in productive flow and product quality lead to an increase in sales and profit - Essay Example Additionally, there is product price, product quality, customer preference, and economic stability of a market. Product quality and productive flow are also factors that affect sales and profit. They have various ways through which they affect sales and profit (Shaharudin, Mansor, Hassan, Omar & Harun, 2011, p. 8163; Shetty & Buehler, 1991, p. 8). The extent, through which product quality and productive flow can increase sales and profit, can only be shown through explaining the effect of these two factors on sales and profit. How improving these factors can lead to increased sales and profit, will clearly be produced in the explanations given about their effects. The essay is, therefore, divided into two main sections: The effects of product quality on sales and profit, and the effect of productive flow on sales and profit. These will show the relationship between product quality and productive flow to sales and profit hence; help in understanding how improving the two factors can l ead to increased sales and profit. Effect of Product Quality on Sales and Profit The main element that brings value to a customer in the market offering is the product. A product is more than a tangible object. It includes performance quality, service features, brand name, design and packaging. The quality of a product is very important since it affects the product performance and so is connected to customer satisfaction and value (Shaharudin, Mansor, Hassan, Omar & Harun, 2011, p. 8164). Consumers of today seek high quality products. The only problem is different perceptions held by customers about quality. Any company interested in selling its products should conduct thorough market research, depending on the type of product they have, to determine what their consumers perceive as high quality. Consumers in the United States, for example, rank quality based on reliability of a product, durability, easy maintenance, ease of use, brand name and the price. This is specifically on mot or cycle products (Shaharudin, Mansor, Hassan, Omar & Harun, 2011, p. 8164). Improving the quality of a product, therefore, increases the sales of a product. Sales depend on customer satisfaction and value, and product quality is one way of satisfying the customer and offering something of value depending on the customer. The extent to which product quality affects sales is great. This is because, for goods to be sold, customers have to want, need or prefer them. Preference is most common where there are a variety of products with different features, prices, brand names, quality and so on. Product quality is a determining factor in preference for a product, so affects sales. Customer satisfaction and value is vast. There are different customers with different tastes, needs, and economic capability. All these determine the preference hence the intent to purchase a product (Shaharudin, Mansor, Hassan, Omar & Harun, 2011, p. 8164). Product quality is the totality of a product or servic e characteristics that give the product or service the ability to satisfy given needs. If a product fulfils a customer’s expectations, the customer becomes satisfied and begins to build loyalty. Loyalty is developed through trust and positive relationship with the customer. Customer loyalty retains customers and contributes to the number of sales made in a given period of time. This clearly indicates one of the various ways through which product qua